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China has a long tradition of _____________ the written word; whereas in Renaissance Europe, painting, sculpture, and architecture were viewed as the apex of artistic achievement, in China calligraphy was the preeminent art form.
ldentifying the age of a human cell is tricky because of frequent _____________ its biological and chronological ages: a cell that has existed for a relatively short time could function erratically, as if elderly.
The novelists' works are _____________ : the poetic language they employ resists ready comprehension.
Recent research has shown a (i)_____________ scientific thinking during preadolescence: while some studies demonstrate (ii) _____________ the areas of experimentation, data interpretation, and understanding the nature of science, others, focusing on somewhat simplified tasks, have demonstrated competencies in elementary school or even younger children.
Groundwater responds slowly to droughts and floods and, as a result, is much more _____________ to such climate variability than are water supplies drawn from rivers or ponds.
Most movie sound tracks lean so heavily on a few preprocessed musical devices-those swells of strings and cymbals designed to manipulate our emotions in (i) _____________ ways-that when a composer (ii) _____________ a more personal language, the effect is (iii) _____________: an entire dimension of the film experience is liberated from cliché.
She objected to the language in the report, arguing that it portrayed the central problem as stable and capable of being defined, when it was in fact _____________.
Although the (i) _____________ of partnerships between universities and private industry are many, university-industry collaboration does raise some tricky questions about (ii) _____________ missions. Publishing research, for example, promotes a central goal for one institution but jeopardizes one for the other.
Science is inherently (i) _____________. Whether (ii) _____________ a long-standing idea or showing disdain for received political wisdom, the scientific ethic, which demands that the scientist follow the evidence wherever it leads, is a threat to (iii) _____________ of all kinds.
In person, Downing is generally rather _____________, seemingly incapable of smiling, let alone laughing.
Nineteenth-century historian Jacob Burckhardt's remarkable assertion that "women stood on a footing of perfect equality with men" in sixteenth-century Italy resulted from his close identification with the early humanists a small, elite group in Renaissance Italy. Ironically, as Margaret King has shown, humanist texts actually reflect inequalities between men and women, one example is the programs of study recommended for girls. A pedagogic imperative like Leonardo Bruni' s that women should study the liberal arts as men did with the exception of rhetoric, which "lies wholly outside the province of women" - went unnoticed by Burckhardt because he shared the humanist assumption that women's province was the private sphere rather than the public sphere. The relegation of women to a "private"sphere was a complex historical phenomenon that should be analyzed in light of other social and economic changes occurring during the Renaissance. Historians desirous of understanding women's experience cannot view the period, as Burckhardt did, through the lens provided by the humanists.
It can be inferred from the passage that Leonardo Bruni most likely believed which of the following?
Which of the following is a crticism the author of the passage makes of Burckhardt's work?
Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the position taken by the author of the passage regarding Burckhardt's evaluation of historical evidence?
Early archaeologists studying prehistoric Mesoamerica applied the term “Olmec” to various artifacts of unknown provenance exhibiting an art style distinct from previously known styles of central Mexican cultures. Later, mid-twentieth-century archaeologists began excavating sites in Mexico' s Gulf Coast lowlands, where monumental sculptures with attributes of this distinct style were discovered. Consequently, the Gulf Coast region was identified as the Olmec civilization's homeland. Thereafter, artifacts exhibiting this style from anywhere beyond the Gulf Coast have been assumed to represent Olmec influence. Although artifact dating is often problematic, Olmec-style objects from outside the homeland are often judged to be either contemporary with Olmec civilization or derived from it. Therefore, some objects are assumed to reflect Olmec origins for cultural developments in areas outside the Gulf Coast.
The author mentions "artifact dating" primarily to
The information given, if accurate, provides the strongest justification for which of the following caims?
It can be inferred from the passage that the "Olmec-style objects"
The late zoologist Sidnie Manton acknowledged that arthropods-animals with jointed exoskeletons, such as flies, crabs, and spiders-are all descended from soft- bodied segmented worms. Yet he maintained that differences in limb form, musculature, and embryonic development indicate that these three arthropod groups insects, crustaceans, and chelicerates, respectively evolved independently from worms rather than from a common arthropod ancestor. Consequently, according to Manton, shared characteristics such as a jointed exoskeleton and large compound eyes represent cases of convergent evolution-similar yet independent developments in these organisms. But if they evolved convergently, then one would expect significant differences in the neurological systems supporting sight. In fact, however, many nerve cells play virtually identical roles in supporting complex visual responses in both insects and crustaceans, suggesting that their common ancestor already possessed highly developed eyes, and therefore was probably already an arthropod. Yet the compound eyes of chelicerates differ neurologically from those of insects and crustaceans, suggesting that the eyes of chelicerates did evolve independently and providing partial confirmation of Manton's views.

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