The manuscripts of the eight extant Latin tragedies identify the lays as the Marci Lucii Annei Senecae Tragoediae. Since nobody of that name is known. modern scholars believe the dramas to be the work of Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger, the well-known philosopher, orator, and politician. Clearly, the tragedies were written during Seneca's lifetime: internal references to earlier poets, most notably Ovid, indicate that the dramas cannot have been composed prior to the second decade C E, and the plays must have been written by 96 C.E., when Quintilian quotes Medea, one of the tragedies.
It is remarkable, however that Seneca himself never mentions the plays, since there are certainly passages in them that could be used to illustrate points of his philosophy. There are at least two possible explanations In the early Roman Empire, playwrights were sometimes exiled or executed for lines construed as directed against the emperor; thus, Seneca's silence may be simple prudence. But if anyone could safely attach his name to dramas surely it would be Seneca, the emperor's tutor. And although Herrmann offers Seneca's modesty as an explanation, Seneca is not averse to referring to his other writings. The evidence for equating Seneca with the author of the tragedies seems circumstantial.
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The author implies which of the following about Seneca's status as the emperor`s tutor?
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The author of the passage makes which of the following claims about the eight extant Latin tragedies?
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Each of the following assertions consistent with Seneca's authorship of the plays appears in the passage EXCEPT:
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All the music from fourteenth-century Europe for which written scores survive is so complex and is written in such difficult notation that it could have been played only by musicians whose lives were dedicated solely to such performance. Yet fourteenth-century European accounts, which in this respect probably give accurate portrayals of their times, describe many members of the nobility who excelled not only in musical performance, but also in dancing poetry, and painting.
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The statements given, if true, most strongly support which of the following?
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More appropriate water pricing would promote the treatment and reuse of urban wastewater for agricultural irrigation and also encourage improvements in irrigation efficiency. Treatment and reuse is more expensive than most irrigation-related conservation and efficiency measures but often less expensive than developing new water sources. Wastewater contains nitrogen and phosphorus which can be pollutants when released to lakes and rivers but are nutrients when applied to farmland. Moreover, unlike many other water sources. treated wastewater will be both an expanding and fairly reliable supply, since urban water use will likely double by 2025. Many large cities located along coastlines currently dump their wastewater treated or untreated, into the ocean, rendering it unavailable for any other purpose and harming coastal marine life.
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Which of the following does the author suggest as an incentive to the development of more efficient irrigation?
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Which of the following does the author present as generally the most cost-effective way of meeting demand for water for irrigation?
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In A Fine Brush on Ivory, his appreciation of novelist Jane Austen, Richard Jenkyns remarks that in Austen scholarship there are pressures that cause ordinary critical circumspection to break down. Principal among those pressures is the peculiar affection in which the person of Jane Austen is held by many readers. This affection is not altogether explained by admiration for her genius, nor is it entirely a symptom of nostalgia for her orderly decorous, vanished world. The impulse to know personally this elusive, even mysterious, writer has led critics to approach her work in mostly biographical or historical ways, often in defiance of other critical fashions, especially the various formal approaches that have dominated modern literary criticism.
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According to the passage, critics approach Jane Austen`s work in biographical or historical ways for which of the following reasons?
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In the context in which it appears, "appreciation of" most nearly means
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African American painter MaIvin Gray Johnson (1896-1934) grew up in urban environments, including New York City, but in 1934 visited and painted scenes from the small town of Brightwood, Virginia. Some critics have celebrated the Brightwood paintings, which depict a vibrant natural landscape and close-knit Black community, as Johnson's discovery of an "authentic" African American life in the rural South. This view, which reflects a common tendency to regard African American artists, imagery as unmediated documentation of direct experience, overlooks Johnson`s interpretive thinking. In truth. Johnson's conceptualization of the South was largely formed before he left New York, where he had studied the French expressionist Paul Cezanne. Johnson's Brightwood paintings reflect Cezanne's stylistic influence and tendency to present rural lite as an idyllic alternative to modern industrialism.
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The primary purpose of the passage is to
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The author suggests which of the following about "some critics" mentioned in the passage?
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The importance of the Bill of Rights in twentieth-century United States law and politics has led some historians to search for the original meaning" of its most controversial clauses. This approach, known as "originalism, " presumes that each right codified in the Bill of Rights had an independent history that can be studied in isolation from the histories of other rights, and its proponents ask how formulations of the Bill of Rights in 1791 reflected developments in specific areas of legal thinking at that time. Legal and constitutional historians, for example, have found originalism especially useful in the study of provisions of the Bill of rights that were innovative by eighteenth-century standards, such as the Fourth Amendment`s broadly termed protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures." Recent calls in the legal and political arena for a return to a "jurisprudence of original intention. "however, have made it a matter of much more than purely scholarly interest when originalists insist that a clause's true meaning was fixed at the moment of its adoption, or maintain that only those rights explicitly mentioned in the United States Constitution deserve constitutional recognition and protection. These two claims seemingly lend support to the notion that an interpreter must apply fixed definitions of a fixed number of rights to contemporary issues, for the claims imply that the central problem of rights in the Revolutionary era was to precisely identify, enumerate, and define those rights that Americans felt were crucial to protecting their liberty.
Both claims, however, are questionable from the perspective of a strictly historical inquiry, however sensible they may seem from the vantage point of contemporary jurisprudence. Even though originalists are correct in claiming that the search for original meaning is inherently historical, historians would not normally seek to determine exactly what a specific clause or right meant when the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791, because historians would not normally feel compelled to support attempts to make that "original meaning" binding today. The strictly historical purpose for an inquiry into the original meaning of specific rights would be to determine why a particular clause was adopted and to establish a baseline from which its subsequent evolution could be traced and evaluated.
Because of its proponents' pressing need to find determinate meaning at a fixed historical moment, originalism cannot capture everything that was dynamic and creative-thus uncertain and problematic-in Revolutionary constitutionalism, nor can it easily accommodate the diversity of views that explains why the debates of the Revolutionary era were so lively. A strictly historical approach, on the other hand. makes it clear that the framers and ratifiers of the Bill of Rights were struggling with complex questions, the novelty of which had carried them away from the received wisdom of their time and was forcing their ideas about rights and the protection of those rights to continually evolve.
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It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Bill of Rights?
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It can be inferred from the passage that a jurisprudence of original intention is based on which of the following assumptions about the Bill of Rights?
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The passage suggests that a historian conducting a strictly historical inquiry would make which of the following assumptions when studying the Bill of rights?
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Which of the following historical documents, if they existed, would most strengthen the author's characterization of Revolutionary constitutionalism?
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