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题目材料：
Merchant guilds--associations of long-distance traders--emerged in Europe in the tenth century to help these traders enforce contracts and protect against crime, warfare, and arbitrary confiscation. Such guilds might be thought to have lost their purpose in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries when European rulers became committed to the creation of law courts and the protection of trade through diplomacy or outright warfare. However, this strengthening of central political, economic, and legal control was accompanied by military competition between states, which led to increased violence against long-distance traders. This competition harmed not only the merchants whose sovereigns were fighting but also neutral traders. As a result, merchants in many parts of Europe continued to act collectively to ensure safe conduct.
以上解析由 考满分老师提供。
