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Octopuses show surprising cognitive abilities: solving mazes, learning cues, and remembering solutions. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that octopuses may display the first "personalities" ever measured in an invertebrate: confronted with the same threats and food stimuli, individual octopuses react differently. Until recently, such traits were thought to be exclusive to higher vertebrates and to develop primarily among long-lived, social animals. Longevity, it was thought, justifies the biological "investment" in big, complex brains. Why would the short-lived, solitary octopus develop such traits? Mather postulates that animals that pursue varied food sources in changeable, perilous habitats must develop a wide range of hunting and defensive strategies. Variation in the temperament of individuals enhances survival in a volatile, competitive milieu by ensuring that different individuals respond differently to changing conditions so some will thrive.

It can be inferred that prior to the findings on octopuses discussed in the passage, a dominant view held that

A.hunting and defensive strategies are unrelated to brain size
B.longevity has no relation to a species' development of advanced cognitive skills
C.in changeable, perilous habitats, social animals are better able to survive than solitary animals
D.the behavior of invertebrates of the same species is likely to vary little in response to a particular stimulus
E.individuals of an invertebrate species and individuals of a vertebrate species are equally likely to display individual “personalities”

D显示答案

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