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Jane Austen` s relationship to Romanticism has long been a vexed one. Although her dates (1775-1817) place her squarely within the period, she traditionally has been studied apart from the male poets whose work defined British Romanticism for most of the twentieth century. In the past her novels were thought to follow an Augustan mode at odds with the Romantic ethos. Even with the advent of historicist and feminist criticism, which challenged many previous characterizations of Austen as detached from the major social, political and aesthetic currents of her time, she continued to be distinguished from her male contemporaries. Jerome McCann, for example, insists that Austen does not espouse the Romantic ideology. Anne Mellor declares that Austen, along with other "leading women intellectual and writers of the day" "did not", participate in the Romantic "spirit of the age" but instead embraced an alternative ideology that Mellor labels "feminine Romanticism".

To be sure, some critics throughout the years have argued for Austen`s affinities with one or more of the male Romantic poets. A special issue of the Wordsworth Circle (Autumn 1976)was devoted to exploring connections between Austen and her male contemporaries. Clifford Siskin in his historicist study of Romanticism argued that Austen does participate in the same major innovation, the naturalization of belief in a developing self, as that characterized in Wordsworth`s poetry and other key works from the period. Recently, three books have appeared (by Clara Tuite, William Galperin, and William Deresiewicz) that in various ways treat Austen as a Romantic writer and together signal a shift in the tendency to segregate the major novelist of the age from the major poets.

The present essay seeks to contribute to this goal of firmly integrating Austen within the Romantic movement and canon. It does so by pointing out affinities between Austen and a writer with whom she has not commonly been associated, John Keats. Most comparisons of Austen and the Romantic poets have focused on Wordsworth and Byron, whose works we know she read. Although Austen could not have read Keats` s poems, which only began to appear in print during the last years of her life, and there is no evidence that Keats knew Austen` s novels, a number of important similarities can be noted in these writers` works that provide further evidence to link Austen with the Romantic movement, especially the period of second-generation Romanticism when all of her novels were published.

The author of the passage describes Austen`s relationship to Romanticism as "vexed" mainly because

Aher novels do not follow the Augustan mode to the extent the poetry of her contemporaries did
Bher views seem to be at odds with those of male writer whose works defined British Romanticism
Cher novels were written during the Romantic period, yet she is not treated as a Romantic writer
Dher novels are critical of the Romantic ideology, embracing instead an alternative ideology sometimes described as "feminine Romanticism"
E she achieved recognition for her novels, whereas the Romantic era is better know for its poetry

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