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Widely accepted as the earliest known site of occupation in South America, Monte Verde in southern Chile is dated to roughly 13,500 years ago. But Monte Verde is considerable distance from early people's point of entry into South America (through the Isthmus of Panama into what is now northwestern Colombia). Therefore, most archaeologists suppose that initial occupation of the continent began a millennium or so earlier.
Certain sites have been said to imply an even earlier human presence in South America. Among the most controversial of these is Pikimachay, a naturally sculpted rock shelter found in the Andean foothills, which was excavated in the 1970s. The earliest dates from the site range from 14,000 to 20,000 years ago. Archaeologists found flake tools and bones of a ground sloth presumed to have been butchered there. However, the earliest of the purported artifacts are made from the same type of stone that makes up the cave wall, and most archaeologists are not convinced they show clear signs of purposeful shaping. Further, none of the sloth bones (which produced the early dates) gave evidence of burning or modification by human hands.
Certain sites have been said to imply an even earlier human presence in South America. Among the most controversial of these is Pikimachay, a naturally sculpted rock shelter found in the Andean foothills, which was excavated in the 1970s. The earliest dates from the site range from 14,000 to 20,000 years ago. Archaeologists found flake tools and bones of a ground sloth presumed to have been butchered there. However, the earliest of the purported artifacts are made from the same type of stone that makes up the cave wall, and most archaeologists are not convinced they show clear signs of purposeful shaping. Further, none of the sloth bones (which produced the early dates) gave evidence of burning or modification by human hands.
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