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Select the sentence that provides examples of transient art
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Normally, business leaders would welcome such a huge market as that which exists in the area of environmental improvement--- it is worth more than 500 billion dollars worldwide. But the terminology and rhetoric of the environmental improvement field have so confused and polarized thinking that the implications of such a valuable market are generally overlooked. Despite the huge economic gains shown by virtually every careful study, environmental improvement is generally referred to as a "cost" by most business executives, political fugures, and policy makers. Yet, like other industries, environmental improvement responds to a valid demand, and it creates jobs, profits, and positive benefits for citizens. Environmental improvement, according to management expert James Quinn, should be viewed as a market rather than as a cost.
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Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as a whole?
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In the context in which it appears, "Normally" most nearly means
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Writers of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s often looked beyond the boundaries of the United States for models, and one of the most commonly invoked were writers of the Irish Renaissance. While it would be too much to claim that modern Irish writers had a strong influence on the writers of the Harlem Renaissance, it can be said that the paradigm of one generation of a historically oppressed people rising to literary greatness did serve as an inspiration and occasional guide for African American writers in the 1920s. Moreover, the situation of the Irish writer around the beginning of the twentieth century is remarkably similar to that of the African American writer in the 1920s, a fact suggesting that the two literatures, Anglo-Irish and African American, may profitably be looked at in a comparative framework.
The facts of the history of spoken language would seem to indicate the basis for a distinct, discernible "voice" for each group: "Irish English" reflected the language of a nation that had been, until the mid-nineteenth century, half Gaelic-speaking, while "Black English" was a means of cultural preservation for African Americans amid the linguistic practices of non-African American society. Nevertheless, neither group of Renaissance writers was interested primarily in language. Even John Synge, the most linguistically imitative of writers, saw his artistic task as a distillation, and not a direct representation, of the "fiery and magnificent" imagination of the Irish. James Weldon Johnson, at the beginning of the Harlem Renaissance, tried to chart a course for African American literature to steer between the "stereotype" of dialect and what he viewed as the uninteresting and culturally inappropriate use of conventional English.
With regard to the cultural heritage from which they approached the reality of the present, Irish and African American writers faced the same dilemma, namely, that the dominant culture largely refused to recognize that heritage and its validity. Thus Irish writers began to revive and update the body of Irish heroic legend, specifically the cycle of Red Branch tales. But African American writers in the 1920s did not have such a clearly defined body of heroic legend on which to draw. While there were scores of heroic tales from the period of slavery, these were compromised both by their origin in slavery and their adoption and alternation by non-African American writers in works such as Joel Chandler Harris`s Uncle Remus tale. What many African American writers opted for instead was an emphasis on the land of origin---African, as an ancient, fully developed civilization. While Irish writers were nostalgic for a culture from which they were historically separated, African American writers were nostalgic for land from which they were geographically separated.
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According to the passage, writers of the Irish Renaissance revived Irish heroic legends in order to
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The passage supports which of the following statements concerning the representation of distinctive speech patterns by African American writers of the Harlem Renaissance?
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The author mentions James Weldon Johnson`s approach to the written representation of speech primarily in order to
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The author mentions Joel Chandler Harris`s Uncle Remus tales in order to
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Prehistoric humans domesticated wolves, which eventually developed into dogs. Based on all available archaeological evidence, archaeologists are certain that there were no dogs in Europe much earlier than 14,000 years ago. According to current genetic divergence theory, however, dogs must have started becoming a distinct species from wolves as early as 135,000 years ago, and it is extremely unlikely that dogs would have started becoming a distinct species unless they had been domesticated.
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Which of the following hypotheses is most strongly supported by the information given?
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In river science, as in all sciences, there is an accepted way of analyzing problems. This standardized way of collecting and analyzing data allows a cleaner comparison of results between sites or time periods, and better evaluation of the effectiveness of different management activities. Often this involves a preconceived reference frame for types of problems. What is gained in the efficient production of knowledge, however, is potentially lost for the potential of novel observations.
In the case of sediment transport, during the last century, river scientists have shown much less concern for sediment storage than for sediment movement, even though any given sediment particles is likely to spend centuries to millennia in storage on a floodplain or in bars [submerged banks of sediment] and only days to weeks in actual transport. Meade suggests that were geomorphologists to have focused on individual sediment particles` movement beyond just the reach [a short, straight segment of a river] scale, emphasis from the research community would have inevitably focused on sediment storage, and thus on the process that sediment undergoes during storage rather than on the process of mobilizing sediment. Fluvial geomorphology would probably then have been dominated by studies of chemical weathering rather than fluid mechanics. The preference for Eulerian-based studies of sediment fluxes and the processes that determine those fluxes have arguably biased the research agenda of geomorphologists for several decades.
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Select the sentence in which the author articulates the benefits of a tendentious research approach.
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If, instead of doing what they did, geomorphologists had done what Meade suggests, a likely consequence would have been
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The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements about river scientists?
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Despite today`s more efficient electrical generators, modern electric-only power plants waste more of their fuel sources` potential energy than did Thomas Edison`s power plants of the late 1800s. Edison used cast-off steam from his generators to warm nearby homes and factories. But few modern power plants use this residual heat, instead venting it into the air. When newer, larger plants required more real estate, they were built farther from customers, Moreover , because electricity travels easily, plants were located wherever they could tap the energy of a river or where local coal was especially cheap. The heat generated during the production of electricity does not travel far, however, so when power plants moved out to the horizon, the steam went to waste.
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It can be inferred from the passage that, in general, locating modern power plants closer to population centers would have
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The author suggests that steam generated by modern power plants is not used for heating because
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The novel is literary form that most fully reflects the individualistic and innovative reorientation introduced by Renaissance philosophy. Previous literary forms had reflected the general tendency of their cultures to make conformity to traditional practice, the major test of truth. The plots of classical and Renaissance epics, for example, were based on past history or fable, and an author`s treatment was judged largely according to a view of literary decorum derived from the accepted models in the genre. This literary traditionalism was first and most fully challenged by the novel, whose primary criterion was truth to individual experience-individual experience that is always unique and therefore new, the novel is thus the logical literary vehicle of a culture that, in the last few centuries, has set an unprecedented value on originality. The novel, is therefore well named.
This emphasis on the new accounts for some of the critical difficulties that the novel presents. When we judge a work in another genre, a recognition of its literary models is important, our evaluation depends on our analysis of the author`s skill in handing the appropriate formal conventions. In contrast, it is damaging for a novel to imitate another literary work. Since the novelist`s primary task is to convey the impression of fidelity to human experience, attention to any preestablished formal conventions can only endanger his or her success. The formlessness of the novel, as compared, say, with tragedy or the ode, follows from this, the poverty of the novel`s formal conventions is the price it must pay for its realism.
But the absence of formal conventions in the novel is unimportant compared to its rejection of traditional plots. The extent of a plot`s originality is never easy to determine. Nevertheless, a broad comparison between the novel and previous literary forms reveals an important difference. Defoe and Richardson are the first great writers in English literature who did not take their plots from mythology, history, legend, or previous literature, In this they differ from Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Million, for instance, who ,like the writers of Greece and Rome, habitually used traditional plots and who did so because they accepted the general promise of their times that, since nature is essentially complete and unchanging, its records, whether scriptural, legendary, or historical, constitute a definitive repertoire of human experience.
This point of view continued to be expressed during the nineteenth century, the opponents of Balzac, for example, used it to deride his preoccupation with contemporary and ,in their view, ephemeral reality. But at the same time, from the renaissance onward, there was a growing tendency for individual experience to replace collective tradition as the ultimate arbiter of reality, and this transition constitutes an important part of the cultural background of the rise of the novel.
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The passage suggests that the formlessness of the novel results from which of the following?
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