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The author refers to the "history of trade unionism in Chicago"primarily as
Because different mammalian species favor different environments, identifying and counting bones from prehistoric deposits in caves can reveal much about climatic change. However, using large mammals` bones can be problematic. Some species, such as red deer, are very adaptable -- both on open grassland and in thick woodland. Moreover, some large-animal bones may have traveled considerable distances before being discarded: both carnivores and humans can have large hunting territories and bring home large animals quite unlike those near their den or campsite. Consequently, the bones of the small mammals found with cave sediments provide a better index of climate change they are generally more numerous, the species are more sensitive to environmental conditions, and few travel far within their short lives.
The passage mentions which of the following as an obstacle to using animal bones to reconstruct past climate changes?
The passage mentions "red deer" as an instance of an animal that
Seeding a forest with nonnative species after a fire can impede native plant regeneration and spread invasive species in vulnerable fire-affected soils. Moreover, native seed sources are almost always sufficient for early nature reestablishment of native species, so planting should be considered only when natural regeneration is unlikely. Replanting dense stands of fast-growing conifers---a common postfire management practice---truncates the biologically rich early stage of ecological succession and can increase the severity of future fires. Other treatments should be carefully scrutinized for their potential to spread noxious weeds. For instance, straw mulch applied extensively to reduce erosion after the 2002 Hayman Fire in Colorado was contaminated with cheatgrass, an invasive grass difficult to control or eradicate once established.
According to the passage, which of the following is a consequence of replanting an area with dense stands of fast-growing conifers after a fire?
The passage implies which of the following about native plant regeneration in forests after a fire?
In the late 1990s, the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft detected magnetized patches of terrain near the north pole of Mars and also in the Terra Sirenum region, which is in the planet`s southern hemisphere. These magnetic features may be relics of a global magnetic field in the vicinity of several huge, ancient craters in the Terra Sirenum region, astronomers believe these craters were formed some 3.8 billion years ago from the impact of chunks of debris pelting the inner solar system, where Mars orbits the Sun. If a global magnetic field once existed on Mars, it must have vanished before these craters formed. Such large impacts beat rock to temperatures well above 600 degrees Celsius--high enough to erase any magnetic field that metallic particle within the rock strong at the time the craters formed, it would have realigned and remagnetized the articles as they cooled. The Surveyor findings thus suggest the magnetic field vanished early in the planet`s 4.5 billion-year existence.
According to the passage, astronomers believe which of the following about the "chunks of debris"?
The author`s conclusion in the final sentence of the passage is based in part on which of the following points?
The author of the passage mentions the "inner solar system" in the course of
Virtually everyone who speaks Torvic lives in Torvia, a small country that takes pride in its unique culture. Since Torvia trades with many other countries, however, most people who live in Torvia speak several languages, and many languages are taught in Torvia`s public schools. Nevertheless, from these facts it should not be inferred that most speakers of Torvic speak several languages, because _____
Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
During the early nineteenth century, the demand for ever-louder sound led to ever-increasing tension on piano strings, making evident the need for stronger framing. Sooner or later, long after factories had taken over the manufacture of other commodities, the Industrial Revolution nevertheless shaped the attitudes of those who decided whether to accept this innovation. To build pianos with steam-powered tools was one thing, to put a cast-iron frame at the center of the instrument, making the product itself a modern factory of sound rather than a fully handcrafted artwork, in wood, was quite another. The resulting debate was vigorous, with many feeling certain that iron in the piano would ruin the tone.
Which of the following statements about the development of the piano can be inferred from the passage?
In the context in which it appears, [/b]"tone"[/b] most exactly means
Eighteenth-century women played a significant part in British political life. Up and down the social scale they performed a variety of political acts, everything from purchasing political artifacts such at plates, handkerchiefs, and fans to penning political pamphlets, starring in civic processions, sponsoring boycotts, arguing over public issues in their own debating societies, rioting, and uttering seditious words. Whereas historians used to see female political involvement in this century as isolated or aberrant, they now stress the continuity and normalcy of such activity, especially for aristocratic women. Given the familial nature of aristocratic politics, noble women were actually expected to act as political advisors and agent for their husbands, to canvass in elections, to serve as political hostesses, to seek and dispense political patronage. They did so routinely long before the eighteenth and deep into the nineteenth century. Patrician women had such far-reaching political influence, it has been argued recently, that they actually stood to rise by expansion of the electorate to include women. Fruitful as this new historiography has been, however, it has politics and its inattention to ideology. Given the widespread political activity of women, why expansion of suffrage did not happen in the eighteenth-century?
According to the passage, the approach taken by contemporary historians to the issue of the political role of eighteenth-century women differs from that taken by earlier historians in that contemporary historians
The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about political acts performed by eighteenth-century women?
For Temnothorax ants in search of suitable rock crevices for new nest sites, size is an important consideration, and certain behaviors suggest how scouts might compare the size of several sites. After entering a crevice, scouts invariably exit and reenter. During their first inspection, they mark their route with their personal pheromones. (Experiments have shown that workers can distinguish their own pheromones from those of nest mates.) Some researchers believe that these ants are counting the frequency of intersections between their two exploratory trails. The smaller the area, the more likely they are to cross a spot twice. The observation that Temnothorax scouts always pave out a path of the same length on their first visit to sites strongly supports this hypothesis.

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