发布时间：2022-09-15
31 214, （教育，城市，社会/论断/对比）In each city in the region of Treehaven, themajority of the money spent on government-run public schooleducation comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region\'s cities differ, however, in thevalue they place on public education. For example, Parson City typicallybudgets(1,2) twice as much money per year as Blue City does for its publicschools—even though both cities have about the same number of residents(3,4). It seems clear, therefore, that Parson Cityresidents care(5) more about public school education than do Blue
City residents.★★★★
1. The city’s budget for itspublic schools is not an accurate indication of the value it places on publiceducation. (U.C) ★★★★
2. The author fails to inform uswhat fraction of the total budget are used for public schools in each city,thus we cannot evaluate which city cares more about public school education. (V.D)
★★★★
3. Many other differences betweenParson City and Blue City may also contribute to the differences in the amountof money they budget for their public schools. (I.C) ★★★
4. We do not know the amount ofstudents who go to public schools in the two cities, thus we could not evaluatethe argument. (I.I) ★★★★
5. The amount of city budgets forpublic schools may not represent residents’ attitude towards public schooleducation. (U.C) ★★★★★
32（生产，劳动安全/对策/先并列后递进）The followingappeared in a memo from a vice president of
AltaManufacturing.
\"Duringthe past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-jobaccidents(2,4) than nearby Panoply Industries, where the work shifts are onehour shorter than ours(5). Experts believe thata significant contributing factor in many on-the-job accidents is fatigue andsleep deprivation among workers. Therefore,to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta(6) and thereby increaseproductivity(1), we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour sothat our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep(3).\" ★★181
1. The president provides noevidence that overall worker productivity is attributable in part to the numberof on-the-job accidents. (NCR) ★★★
2. The president assumes that someaccidents at Alta are caused by fatigue or sleep deprivation. (U.A)
★★★★
3. The assumption that Alta\'sworkers would use the additional hour of free time to sleep or rest is open todoubt. (U.A) ★★★
4. The president fails to considerthat the per-worker accident rate might reveal that Alta is actually safer thanPanoply, depending on the total number of workers at each company. (V.D) ★★★
5. The president fails to considerpossible differences between Alta and Panoply which render them incomparable. (F.A) ★★★★
6. Merely shortening the workshifts might not suffice to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
33（社会，能源/预言，论断/并列）The following appeared in a memorandum from theplanning department of an electric power company.
\"Severalrecent surveys indicate that homeowners are increasingly eager to conserveenergy(1) and manufacturers are now marketing many home appliances(2), such asrefrigerators and air conditioners, that are almost twice as energy-efficientas those sold a decade ago. Also, new technologies for better home insulationand passive solar heating(2) are readily available to reduce the energy neededfor home heating. Therefore, weanticipate that the total demand for electricity in our area will notincrease(3), and may decline slightly. Since our three electric generatingplants in operation(5) for the past 20 years have always met our needs,construction of new generating plants should not be necessary(4).\" ★★★
1. The author provides no evidencethat homeowners who are eager to conserve energy would purchase and use thoseenergy-efficient home appliances. (U.A)★★★
2. We are not informed about theprice of those energy-efficient home appliances and the cost of employing thenew technologies, thus could not predict if residents could afford using them,and if they are willing to pay for these technologies. (adv:disadv/feasibility of the conclusion)
★★★
3. Many factors could lead to theincrease in the demand for electricity in the future. (sufficiency of the conclusion) ★★★★★
4. The author fails to rule outmany possibilities which might render one or more additional generating plantsnecessary. (C→F) ★★★★★
The old plants mightbe less energy efficient than a new plant using new technology, or might havesome negative effects on environment and economic. (adv:disadv) ★★
34（管理/提议/——）The vicepresident for human resources at Climpson Industries sent the followingrecommendation to the company\'s president.
\"In aneffort to improve our employees\' productivity(1), we should implement electronic monitoring of employees\' Internet usefrom their workstations. Employees who use the Internet from theirworkstations(3) need to be identified and punished if we are to reduce thenumber of work hours spent on personal or recreational activities(2), such asshopping or playing games(4). Byinstalling software(6) to detectemployees\' Internet use on company computers, we can prevent employees fromwasting time, foster a better work ethic(5) at Climpson, and improve our overall profits(7).\" ★★★
1. The vice president fails toprovide any information about current performance and productivity of ouremployees, thus the assumption that their productivity should be and could beimproved is open to doubt. (I.I/U.A/necessityof the solution) ★★
2. The vice president unfairlyassumes that most of our employees use internet for personal or recreationalactivities. (U.A/I.I/necessity of thesolution) ★★★
3. The vice president ignores thenecessity for some employees to use the Internet in their work.
(adv:disadv)★★★★
4. Employees could still spendmuch time on personal or recreational activities even though the Internetaccess is banned. (sufficiency of thesolution) ★★★★★
5. The vice president overlooksthe negative effects of the proposed activity on employees’ morale, thus thebetter work ethic mentioned above is not guaranteed. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★
6. The vice president fails toconsider possible negative effects of installing such software on theperformance of computers, and fails to provide the cost of installing thesoftware. (adv:disadv)
★★★
7. Since Climpson’s profits wouldbe determined by many factors, adopting the proposal may not sufficientlyensure greater profits. (sufficiency ofthe solution) ★★★
35（经营/论断/并列）The followingappeared in a letter from the owner of the Sunnyside Towers apartment buildingto its manager.
\"One monthago, all the showerheads on the first five floors of Sunnyside Towers weremodified to restrict the water flow to approximately 1/3 of its original force.Although actual readings of water usage before and after the adjustment are notyet available(3), the change willobviously result in a considerable savings for Sunnyside Corporation, sincethe corporation must pay for water each month. Except for a few complaints(4)about low water pressure, no problems with showers(2) have been reported sincethe adjustment(1). Clearly, restrictingwater flow throughout all the 20 floors(6) of Sunnyside Towers(5) will increaseour profits further(7).\" ★★182,213
1. The modification was takenplace only one month ago, thus many negative effects might not have emergedyet. (reliability of the survey) ★★★★
2. The owner does not providedetailed information about the usage of the first five floors of SunnysideTowers, perhaps water flow is not a problem here at all. (I.I/selective sample) ★★
★
3. Without any actual readings ofwater usage before and after the adjustment we cannot evaluate if themodification could actually save water. (I.I)★★★
4. The fact that a few peoplecomplained about water pressure does not necessarily indicate that all otherclients are satisfied with the modification. (F.D) ★★★
5. The owner ignores many negativeeffects of restricting the water flow. (adv:disadv)★★★★
6. The owner hastily assumes thatthe restricting on water flow could be successfully carried out to all otherfloors of Sunnyside Tower. (C.S) ★★★★★
7. Adopting the owner’s suggestionalone may not suffice to ensure increased profits. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
36（）
37（）
38（）
39（）
40 （保健/论断/并列）Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin Dand calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Manypeople therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help preventosteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age andthat is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number ofpeople has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy productsthroughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than anyother participants in the study(2,3,4). Since bone fractures are a symptom ofosteoporosis(1), this study result showsthat a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease,the risk of osteoporosis. ★★★★49
1. Although bone fractures are asymptom of osteoporosis, they may well result from other causes. (U.C) ★★★★★
2. People who consistently consumedairy products in the study may do so just because they are more likely tosuffer from bone fractures. (confusingthe cause and the effect) ★★★★★
3. The author does not providedetailed information about the studied people who consistently consume dairyproducts and those who do not. (are therespondents representative?/I.C) ★★
★★
4. Other reasons, such as aging,genetic factors, lifestyle, etc. may also account for the higher rate
of bone fracturesof the people mentioned in the study. (I.T)★★★
41 （生活，安全/论断/递进）The followingappeared in a health newsletter.
\"A ten-year nationwide study of theeffectiveness of wearing a helmet while bicycling indicates that ten years ago,approximately 35 percent of all bicyclists reported wearing helmets, whereastoday that number is nearly 80 percent. Another study, however, suggests thatduring the same ten-year period, the number of accidents(1) caused bybicycling(3) has increased 200 percent(2). Theseresults demonstrate that bicyclists feel safer because they are wearing helmets(4) and they take more risks as a result(5). Thus, to reduce the number of seriousinjuries from bicycle accidents(7), thegovernment should concentrate more on educating people about bicycle safety(6)and less on encouraging or requiring bicyclists to wear helmets(8).\" ★★
1. For lack of data concerning theaccident rates and total number of bicyclists, the assumption that wearinghelmets actually increased bicyclists’ risks is open to doubt. (V.D) ★★★★★
2. Other factors may also resultin the increase in the number of accidents. (NCR) ★★★★★ 3.Theauthor fails to indicate that how many bicyclists involved in accidents arewearing helmets.
(I.I)★★★★
4. The author unfairly assumesthat wearing helmets will necessarily create false senses of safety inbicyclists. (U.A) ★★★
5. The assumption that bicyclistswill take more risk when they feel safe is unfounded. (U.A) ★★
★
6. The author falsely assumes thateducating people about bicycle safety will be effective in reducing the numberof serious injuries. (NCR/U.A) ★★★
7. The author fails to consideraccidents caused by other vehicles and the severity of injuries, thus theproposed education may not be sufficient for ensuring safety of bicyclists. (I.I/U.C) ★★
★
8. Requiring bicyclists to wearhelmets would still be necessary to ensure bicyclists’ safety. (I.T)
★★★★
42 （城市/提议/并列）The followingis a letter to the head of the tourism bureau on the island of Tria.
\"Erosionof beach sand along the shores of Tria Island is a serious threat to our islandand our tourist industry. In order tostop the erosion(1), we should charge people for using the beaches(2,3,5).
Although this solution may annoy a few touristsin the short term, it will reduce the number of people using the beaches andwill raise money for replenishing the sand(4).Replenishing the sand, as was done to protect buildings on the nearby island ofBatia(7), will help protect buildingsalong our shores(6), thereby reducingthese buildings\' risk of additional damage from severe storms(8). Andsince the areas along the shore will be more attractive as a result(9), the beaches will be preserved and thearea\'s tourist industry will improve over the long term(10).\" ★★★
1. The author fails to illustratethe extent of erosion in Tria, thus we cannot evaluate if any measures arenecessary to resolve the problem. (necessityof the solution) ★★★
2. The author ignores otherpossible methods to stop the erosion. (necessityof the solution) ★★
3. The author fails to illustratethat charging people for using the beach could effectively stop the erosion. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
4. The author fails to analyze howmuch money should we charge to raise enough money for replenishing the sand,and if the charge is feasible. (I.I/feasibilityof the conclusion) ★★★
5. The author ignores somenegative effects of the charging policy. (adv:disadv)★★★★
6. The author fails to demonstrateif the buildings alone our shores need to be protected.
(necessityof the solution)★★★
7. The fact that replenishingbeach sand has served to protect shoreline buildings on nearby Batia does notindicate that Tria would also achieve its goals by following Batia\'s example. (F.A) ★★
★
8. The author unfairly assumesthat replenishing sand would suffice to reduce the building’s risk of damage fromsevere storms. (sufficiency of thesolution) ★★★
9. The assumption that theproposed actions will necessarily make the seashore more attractive is open todoubt. (U.A/sufficiency of the solution)★★★★
10. Adopting the actions proposed by the author might not sufficientlyimprove Tria’s tourist in the long term. (sufficiencyof the solution) ★★★
43 （社会/预言/并列）The followingappeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of West Egg.
\"Two years ago, our consultants predicted that WestEgg\'s landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filledwithin five years.(8) During the past two years, however, town residentshave been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper (1)as they did in previousyears(2,3). Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase,since charges for garbage pickup will double(5). Furthermore, over ninetypercent of the respondents to a recent survey(6) said that they would do morerecycling in the future. Because of ourresidents\' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longerthan predicted.(4,7)\" ★★★
1. Aluminum and paper may accountfor only some of the materials West Egg\'s residents can recycle. (V.D))
★★★
2. We do not know the actualamount of recycled garbage in previous years, thus the doubling may beinsignificant. (V.D) ★★★
3. An increase in the amount ofrecycled materials does not necessarily indicate a decrease in the total amountof trash deposited in the city\'s landfill. (U.C)★★★★
4. The recycling habits of WestEgg residents are not the only factor affecting how quickly the landfill willreach capacity. (I.T) ★★★★
5. The assumption that increasedcharges for trash pickup will serve to slow the rate at which the landfill isreaching capacity is unwarranted. (U.A)★★★
6. The mayor provides no evidencethat the survey\'s respondents are representative of the overall group of peoplewhose trash goes to the city\'s landfill. (Arethe respondents representative?) ★★
★★
7. The mayor fails to considermany other factors that may change in the future. (P→F)★★★★
★
8. The consultants may havealready taken the recycling factors into consideration when they made theprediction, thus the assumption that the available space in our landfill willlast for longer than predicted is unfounded. (U.A) ★★
44 （环境/对策/递进）The followingappeared in a newsletter distributed at a recent political rally.
\"Over thepast year, the Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over one millionsquare miles of land(4,5) in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitablyresult in pollution and environmental disaster(3,8), since West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species.But such disaster can be prevented ifconsumers simply refuse to purchase(2) products that are made with CCC\'scopper(1) until the company abandons its mining plans(6,7).\" ★★
1. The author fails to demonstratethe critical assumption that most consumers can reliably distinguish productsthat are made with CCC’s copper. (feasibilityof the conclusion) ★★★
★
2. The author fails to consider ifmost consumers are willing to cooperate in the boycott. (feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★★
3. CCC’s mining activities do notnecessarily lead to pollution and environmental disaster.
(NCR/I.I)★★★★★
4. We do not know what portion ofCCC’s land is inhabited by endangered animals. (I.I) ★★★
5. We do not know what fraction ofthe one hundred square miles of land will be used for CCC’s mining activities. (V.D) ★★★
6. The author ignores thepossibility that other measures could also be taken to prevent the harmfulresult. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
7. The author hastily assumes thatthe proposed boycott will sufficiently prevent pollution and environmentaldisaster. (sufficency of the solution)★★★
The definition of theterm disaster is very vague, thus we cannot evaluate if the disastrous resultswill necessarily emerge. (definition ofthe term ‘disaster’) ★★
45 39, （教育/决策/并列）The followingappeared in a memorandum from the president of Humana
College.
\"Last yearthe number of students who enrolled in long-distance degree programs at OmniUniversity increased by 50%(1,2). During the same year, Omni showed asignificant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory andclassroom space, most likely becauseinstruction in the long-distance programs takes place via interactive videocomputer connections(3). In contrast, over the past three years, enrollmentat Humana College has diminished and costs of maintaining buildings have risen.Thus, to increase enrollment and solvethe problem of budget deficits(6) at Humana College, we should initiate andactively promote long-distance degree programs(5) like those at Omni(4,7).\"★★★
1. We do not know the actualnumber of students who enrolled in long-distance program at Omni Universitylast year, thus the 50% increase might be insignificant. (V.D) ★★★
2. We do not know the total numberof enrollment, and actual tuition income at Omni last year. (I.I)
★★★
3. Other factors may well explainthe decrease in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space at Omni. (NCR) ★★★
4. Possibly Omni and Humana arenot comparable at many aspects. (F.A)★★★★
5. The president does not provideany information about the cost and any possible requirements of installing sucha program. (adv:disadv/feasibility of theconclusion) ★★★★
6. The president does not considerother possible causes that may result in budget deficits. (NCR)
★★★
7. The president overlooks other methodsthat could be applied to solve the problem. (necessityof the solution)
★★★
46 （健康，社会/论断，预言/大并列小递进）The following appeared in a newspaper articlepublished in the country of Corpora.
\"Twenty years ago, one half of all citizens inCorpora met the standards for adequate physical fitness as then defined by thenational advisory board on physical fitness. Today, the board says that onlyone quarter of all citizens are adequately fit(1) and suggests that spendingtoo much time using computers may be thereason. But since overall fitness levels are highest in regions ofCorpora(2) where levels of computer ownership are also highest(3), it is clear that using computers has notmade citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year\'s unusuallylow expenditures on fitness-related products and services(4), the recent decline in the economy is mostlikely the cause(5), and fitness levels will improve when the economy does(6).\" ★★★201
1. The standard for fitness mayvary during past 20 years. ( P→F)★★★★
2. Although the regions mentionedby the author have relatively highest fitness levels, it is still possible thattheir fitness levels are declining compared with themselves. (confusing variation and comparison) ★★★★
3. High levels of computerownership do not indicate that citizens of these regions will spend more timeon using computers. (U.C) ★★★
4. The low expenditures onfitness-related products and services may not directly result in low level offitness. (NCR) ★★★★
5. The low expenditures onfitness-related products do not necessarily resulted from the decline in theeconomy. (NCR) ★★★
6. The author fails to convince usthat once the economy improves, people will spend more money on fitness-relatedproducts and services, and their fitness levels will therefore be improved. (sufficiency of the conclusion) ★★★★
47 （经营/对策/类比）The followingappeared in a memorandum from the owner of Armchair Video,
a chain ofvideo rental stores
\"Because of declining profits, we must reduceoperating expenses at Armchair Video\'s ten video rental stores. Raising pricesis not a good option(1), since weare famous for our special bargains. Instead,we should reduce our operating hours. Last month(3) our store in downtownMarston(4) reduced its hours by closing at 6:00 P.M. rather than 9:00 P.M. andreduced its overall inventory by no longer stocking any film released more thantwo years ago. Since we have received very few customer complaints about thesenew policies(2,5), we should now adoptthem(6) at all other Armchair Video stores as our best strategies for improvingprofits(7).\"
★★★182,185
1. The owner fails to sufficientlyillustrate that why raising prices would not be a good solution for improvingprofits. (I.E) ★★★
2. The fact that few customercomplaints were received does not indicate that most customers are satisfiedwith these policies. (F.D) ★★★
3. The new policies wereimplemented only one month ago, the situation of this month might not berepresentative of that of the whole year, or the negative effects might nothave emerged yet. (P→F /reliability of the survey) ★★★★
4. The success of the new policiesat one store does not ensure that adopting them would necessarily be successfulat all other Armchair stores. (C.S) ★★★★
5. The owner fails to provide anyinformation concerning the possible change in the profit of the store inMarston after the policies were adopted, thus we cannot evaluate if we shouldadopt them at all other stores. (I.I)★★★★
6. The owner fails to considermany negative effects of the new policies.(adv:disadv)★★★
7. There are many other possiblemeasures we can adopt to improve profits.(necessity of the solution) ★★★
48 （生活/建议/并列）The followingappeared in a magazine article about planning for retirement.
\"Becauseof its spectacular natural beauty and consistent climate, Clearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place toretire(4). As a bonus, housing costs in Clearview have fallen(1)significantly during the past year(2), and real estate taxes remain lower thanthose in neighboring towns(3).
Nevertheless,Clearview\'s mayor promises(5) many new programs to improve schools, streets,and public services(6). Retirees in Clearviewcan also expect excellent health care as they grow older, since the numberof physicians(7) in the area is far greater than the national average(8).\" ★
1. The variation in the housingcosts does not indicate that Clearview has advantage in housing costs. (confusing comparison and variation) ★★★★
2. We cannot guarantee thathousing costs in Clearview will not increase in the future. (P→F) ★
★
3. We need to know the averagereal estate taxes of the whole nation, non-neighbo
