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题目材料：
The large merchants who dominated long-distance trade in the Spanish empire for the better part of three centuries have been traditionally depicted by historians as a privileged group that used its political and financial clout to protect its interests while engaging in uncompetitive economic practices, largely to the detriment of Spain and its colonies. This image suggested specifically that the colonial commercial system was irrationally organized, choked Spain's economic progress, and generated unwarranted monopoly rents [profits], all for the benefit of the privileged traders of the merchant guilds.
None of these conclusions are wholly incorrect, but they largely fail to appreciate the unpredictable environment in which these traders engaged. Without having adequately reflected on the role of risk in oceanic commerce, historians have tended to paint an overly one-dimensional portrait of the large merchants and their commercial practices. Long-distance traders responded to conditions of poor information, tremendous uncertainty, and endemic risk by adopting defensive strategies and embracing risk-reducing institutions. Avoiding risk, however, neither meant that the Spanish merchants lacked entrepreneurial spirit nor that they were somehow the precapitalist rentiers that historians sometimes imply. To the contrary, no merchant could operate in the highly risky Atlantic world trade without constantly anticipating and taking active measures to avoid catastrophe.
以上解析由 考满分老师提供。
