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Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument in the advertisement?
Harrison has argued that nineteenth-century French government administrators generally ignored the activities of women's associations, and most historians agree that female groups appear to have garnered little notice from authorities. While Grange suggests that this may be because so few female associations existed throughout much of the nineteenth century, Duprat has uncovered numerous female societies, especially societes de bienfaisance [charitable societies], many of which received more generous treatment from municipal and national officials than their male counterparts. However, she suggests that their official "silence"- the absence of general assemblies and of frequent publications, as well as their careful cultivation of the traditional, nonthreatening mage of dames de charite [charitable women]一kept these associations largely out of public view.
Duprat would most likely agree that certain nineteenth-century French female societies
As represented in the passage, the views of which of the following scholars are consistent with one another with regard to the official notice received by women's associations?
The fiction of American writer William Gilmore Simms (1806-1870) is frequently too verbose, sentimental, and melodramatic for modem literary tastes. While something similar could be said of many of Simms's near contemporaries, including Melville and Poe, these others were fortunate in having their works rescued from the dustbin of time. Simms, however, was unfortunate in at least one respect: his only biographer for a hundred years, William P. Trent (1892), was unwilling to grant Simms the credit due for his insistence on a so-called American literature and for his constant experimentation with the themes and forms of that fledgling literature. Simms's insistence on a literary independence grounded in intrinsically American subject matter constitutes an important contribution to American literatures development.
The passage indicates that in contrast to the works of Simms, the works of Melville and of Poe
In the context in which it appears, “grant” most nearly means
Scholars often attribute the emergence of a new conception of women writers as literary artists to elite, male- dominated venues like the Atlantic Monthly, which gained influence during the 1860s and 1870s. The careers of Mary Gibson and other women writing during the 1850s, however, suggest a different account of the transformation of American female authorship-pushing its inception into the antebellum period and locating its origins in more popular venues. Far from waiting for the elite imprimatur of the Atlantic, writers like Gibson took advantage of the opportunities for publication provided by midcentury story papers (periodicals containing popular fiction). Women supplied much of the material for story papers and, in the process, presented striking images of female authorship and artistry to thousands of readers.
The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements about writers like Gibson?
Which statement best describes the function of the highlighted sentence?
The question of the antecedent causes of the Industrial Revolution in nineteenth-century Europe has been of much concern to historians during the last four decades. According to W. W. Rostow's deceptively simple but once widely accepted model of an economic process of "takeoff' led by the textile mills, rates of investment and output increased so dramatically in the period preceding the Industrial Revolution that new production techniques became inevitable and sustained economic growth became automatic. Having rejected Rostow's model, historians were still at a loss for an explanation of how the stage was set for the massive shift from an agricultural-based to a manufacturing-based economy.

In the early 1970s, such German historians as Peter Kriedte and Hans Medick stepped in with a new hypothesis and a new word: "proto-industrialization," by which they meant the eighteenth-century development of small, rural-based industries--usually the manufacture of textiles by rural laborers in their homes-that they saw as a precursor to urban factory-based mass production. In this model, other laborers were drawn from subsistence farming into commercial agriculture in order to feed those workers engaged in manufacturing; nearby towns supplied the market for the manufactured goods produced and furnished a population of capitalist entrepreneurs who financed the whole enterprise; and the products themselves were exported, as well as sold locally. The results, these historians argue, effectively set the stage for an industrial revolution: increased population growth due to the need for more laborers in home-based businesses; an eventual shift from home labor to workshops organized for greater efficiency and cost reduction; the development of a cadre of export- oriented merchants; and a commercial agricultural sector. However, research focusing on England leads to the conclusion that proto-industrialization flourished here and there at various times from the thirteenth to the eighteenth century, but in most cases it eventually just petered out. Proto- industrialization, at least in England, seems not to have been a sufficient, or even a necessary, cause of industrial revolution. The suggestion has even been made that the Industrial Revolution in England was more closely related to locale than to the general economic, psychological, and social modernizing processes that were admittedly going on in eighteenth-century England. For example, there appears to have been an inverse correlation between literacy, the key indicator of modernization, and industrialization, the former actually at its maximum in remote and barren Westmorland and declining in the areas of high industrial growth from 1760 to 1840. On the other hand, the geographical accidents of a plentiful water supply or the close proximity of underground iron and coal do seem to be necessary causes, although certainly not sufficient causes, of the development of such symbols of the Industrial Revolution as mills and mines.
The passage mentions all of the following as elements that the proponents of the hypothesis of proto-industrialization consider to have set the stage for the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT a
Which of the following best describes the view of the author of the passage about proto- industrialization in England?
It can be inferred from the passage that the originators of the theory of proto- industrialization considered which of the following to be characteristic of modern factory-based mass production?
In the last sentence of the passage, the author is primarily concerned with which of the following?
The province of Larando has abolished fixed speed limits on highways and instead has mandated that highway police issue speeding citations only for motorists driving faster than a prudent person would drive under the same road conditions. The flexible standard is bound to prompt a higher proportion of motorists who have been issued a speeding citation to contest the citation in court. Hence, highway police will surely have to spend more time in court.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A basic assumption in contemporary models of primate behavioral ecology is that the social patterns we observe in wild subjects are adaptations, or the products of past evolutionary selection pressures. Yet, both ecological and demographic conditions can change during the course of an individual's life span, resulting in selection pressures that fluctuate on shorter time scales than the generations over which evolutionary processes occur. The varying fitness consequences of particular social patterns under different conditions can result in behavioral polymorphisms within populations and in high levels of intraspecific behavioral variation between populations. Social behavior is especially sensitive to local conditions, which reflect the demographic histories of groups and populations in addition to the phylogenetic histories of species. If evolution has favored "expedience," or "the ability to select whatever tactic is necessary to solve an immediate problem, regardless of the possible long-term consequences of such action," as Barrett and Henzi have suggested, then a great deal of primate social behavior may not be adaptive in a genetically determined, evolutionary sense.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
According to the passage, which of the following is true about primate social behavior?

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