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Which of the following statements about women and music in Europe from 1300 to 1566 is supported by the passage?
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Which of the following best describes the function of the first sentence in the passage?
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Despite the widespread availability of electrical refrigeration, the antimicrobial properties of spices may still be useful. During 1971-1990. food poisoning-primarily bacterial一affected 29 out of every 100,000 Japanese but only 3 out of every 100,000 Koreans, despite the countries' similar temperate climates. Lee s suggestion that the difference may have been due to cultural variations in food handling and preparation may well be correct. But, in addition, although Japanese meat-based recipes collectively used more kinds of spices, Korean recipes more frequently called for at least one spice, contained more spices per recipe, and more frequently called for highly inhibitory spices. As a result, an average Korean recipe most likely inhibits a significantly greater fraction of bacteria than an average Japanese recipe.
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Select the sentence that describes the evidence from which the author derives an explanation of a phenomenon.
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From the passage, which of the following can be inferred about Japanese meat-based recipes?
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A recent study shows that southern fulmars bring 40 percent more food to their chicks than do the closely related Antarctic petrels. Yet fulmar chicks are only 10一20 percent heavier than petrel chicks. Hence, petrel chicks appear to be more efficient at converting their food into body mass. How can this be explained? First, while both species feed their chicks via regurgitation, petrels go on longer foraging trips. These trips may allow petrels to extract more water from the food or to partially digest their stomach contents, thereby creating more energy-rich meals. Thus petrel chicks may receive more nutritious meals than fulmar chicks. Second, fulmar chicks are less well insulated than are petrel chicks and may need to allocate a higher proportion of food energy to thermoregulation rather than growth.
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According to the passage, which of the following statements about southern fulmars is true?
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Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as a whole?
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The history of the transmission of ancient Roman texts prior to invention of the printing press is reconstructed from evidence both internal and external to the texts themselves. Internal evidence is used to reconstruct the relationship of the surviving manuscripts of a Roman text to one another, as represented in a modem stemma codicum: A diagram depicting the genealogical relationship of surviving manuscripts and those the stemma's editor believes existed at one time. Stemmata are scholars' only road maps to textual connections based on internal evidence, but they may paint a distorted picture of reality because they diagram the relationships of only those manuscripts known or inferred today. If surviving copies are few, the stemma perforce brings into proximity manuscripts that were widely separated in time and place of origin. Conversely, the stemma can also bestow a semblance of separation on manuscripts written within a few months of one another or even in the same room.
One type of external evidence that may shed light on the transmission of Roman texts is the availability of a work in the Middle Ages, when many classical texts were circulated. Too often, though, too much is inferred about a particular work's circulation in the Middle Ages from the number of manuscripts surviving today. When a work survives in a single manuscript copy, editors call the manuscript, rather glamorously, the Tone survivor,,一implying that all its (presumably rare) companions were destroyed sometime early in the Middle Ages by pillaging barbarians. It is equally possible that the work survived far into the Middle Ages in numerous copies in monastic libraries but went unnoticed due to lack of interest. The number of extant manuscripts, however few, really does not allow scholars to infer how many ancient Latin manuscripts of a work survived to the ninth, the twelfth, or even the fifteenth century.
Quotations from a Roman text by a medieval author are another category of external evidence: but does the appearance of a rare word or grammatical construction-or even a short passage一really indicate a medieval author's firsthand knowledge of this or that ancient work, or does such usage instead derive from some intermediate source, such as a grammar book or a popular style manual?Medieval authors do quote extensively from ancient authors: while such quotations provide some evidence of the works medieval circulation, as well as define its evolving fortunes and the various uses to which it was put, they may be far less useful in reconstructing the text of an ancient work.
Much as scholars want to look for overall patterns and formulate useful generalizations, the transmission of each text is a different story and each manuscripts history is unique. Scholars must be careful not to draw conclusions that go beyond what the evidence can support.
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As described in the passage, a stemma is most closely analogous to which of the following?
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It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the usefulness of internal evidence from ancient Roman texts?
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In its discussion of external evidence, the passage suggests which of the following about manuscripts of ancient Roman texts during the Middle Ages?
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Select the sentence in the first paragraph that suggests that scholars might be led to underestimate the extent of the connection between certain manuscripts.
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A study of cardiovascular health involving a large, randomly selected group of adults found that members of the group who reported having taken aspirin regularly for the past five to ten years were significantly less likely to have developed heart disease than were members of the group who reported they had not taken aspirin regularly. Although suggestive, these results should not be interpreted as proof that taking aspirin regularly significantly reduces the likelihood of developing heart disease, since .
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Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
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In the absence of reliable data concerning the relationship between the material quality [i.e., physical condition] and the price of used books, it is impossible to offer statistically exact information for the impact of the used-book market on the cost of reading in eighteenth-century England. Yet it can hardly be doubted that such an impact occurred, not only as the standard behavior of markets but inferentially through the innovative design and packaging strategies that London booksellers increasingly resorted to from 1760 in order to identify (and no doubt also create) more finely differentiated classes of readers. Fortunately, we can also call on extensive, independent price lists for eighteenth-century books published in Britain to track differences in the cost of new and used volumes of the same title, edition, and format. To the extent that new list prices for successive editions of the same work in a uniform format remain constant or increase at a lesser rate than consumer prices generally, the hypothesis that the secondary book market exercised a drag on book prices would gain fresh support. At the same time, variance in price among new and used copies of any given title and edition can be used as a proxy for material quality determinations in the two markets.
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The primary purpose of the passage is to
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The author cites “the standard behavior of markets" primarily to
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The author of the passage mentions “innovative design and packaging strategies" primarily to
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