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题目材料：
The ancient Athenian city-state or polis is often described as a "men's club" on the grounds that women played no significant role in public life. Women were, in fact, excluded from participation in those institutions of self-government that loom so large in recent studies of "democracy ancient and modern" (e.g., Ober and Hedrick 1996). But the polis is perhaps better described comprehensively as a “sacrificial community" (Burkert 1985), since ritual and religion were central to all forms of both private and communal life in ancient Athens, and all activities in the political, military, and judicial domains were conducted under the auspices of the gods. Women were central to this central aspect of polis life, a fact that is often obscured by descriptions of the ancient city-state that instantiate a double distortion by marginalizing religion into a subsidiary aspect of communal life and then acknowledging women's participation in it as an exception to the general rule of their exclusion from the public sphere. Studies of women and the female in the religion and ritual practices of ancient Greece thus contribute not only to an expansion of our knowledge about this fundamental aspect of polis life but also to a reevaluation of women' s roles generally in the ancient city-state.
以上解析由 考满分老师提供。
