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题目内容
题目材料：
Sandies comparing children's memory for television news stories with their recall of print versions containing exactly the same verbal information generally show that television news is remembered best. Paivio's dual-coding hypothesis, a frequent explanation, suggests that audiovisual information is stored in memory as two separate but associated codes-one verbal and one visual-whereas text-only information is stored as a verbal code only. During recall, the visual-memory code serves as an extra retrieval cue, which could account for the superior recall of television stories.
However, experiments show that learning is enhanced only by the addition of "redundant" pictures, which convey the same basic meaning as the words. When pictures and words do not coincide, children do not remember more and sometimes remember less from television presentations than from purely verbal presentations. Theories based on the concept of "limited attentional capacity" posit that when verbal and visual information do not correspond, viewers` attentional capacity is exceeded and part of the information is lost. In the case of nonredundant audiovisual information, viewers tend to direct their attention to the visual images because meaning is conveyed more readily through pictures this preference may hinder learning because the main message in television news is usually provided in the spoken commentary.
However, experiments show that learning is enhanced only by the addition of "redundant" pictures, which convey the same basic meaning as the words. When pictures and words do not coincide, children do not remember more and sometimes remember less from television presentations than from purely verbal presentations. Theories based on the concept of "limited attentional capacity" posit that when verbal and visual information do not correspond, viewers` attentional capacity is exceeded and part of the information is lost. In the case of nonredundant audiovisual information, viewers tend to direct their attention to the visual images because meaning is conveyed more readily through pictures this preference may hinder learning because the main message in television news is usually provided in the spoken commentary.
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